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Keberadaan Radio Komunitas Sebagai Eskalasi Demokratisasi Komunikasi pada Komunitas Pedesaan di Kecamatan Cisewu dan Wanayasa

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Abstrak
Masalah pokok yang diteliti dalam disertasi ini mengenai keberadaan radio komunitas di pedesaan dikaitkan dengan peningkatan (eskalasi) demokratisasi komunikasi. Penelitian dilakukan di dua kecamatan dengan karakteristik yang berbeda, yaitu Kecamatan Cisewu yang relatif tertutup secara geografis dan penerimaan informasi yang sangat terbatas ( blank spot ) dengan Kecamatan Wanayasa yang relatif terbuka.Landasan teoritis yang digunakan teori struktural fungsional dari Radcliffe brown dan teori Uses and Dependency untuk menggambarkan adanya keterkaitan antara sistem sosial dengan sistem media komunikasi dalam sebuah komunitas. Adapun untuk membahas demokratisasi komunikasi digunakan teori masyarakat komunikatif dari Habermas dan demokrasi komunitarianisme dari Tehranian.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif etnografi komunikasi dengan teknik pengumpulan data depth interview dan focus group discussion. Tokoh masyarakat formal dan informal serta perintis dan pengelola radio komunitas merupakan informan kunci pada penelitian ini. focus group discussion dilakukan terhadap kelompok grassroot di masing-masing kecamatan. Hasil penelitian ini mengacu pada pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan, pertama radio komunitas muncul serentak secara signifikan di pedesaan karena ada dorongan perubahan politik di Indonesia, yaitu ketika kondisi keterbukaan pada era reformasi. Tersedianya berbagai forum dan saluran komunikasi di "ruang publik" ternyata memberi semangat dan kesadaran kepada warga komunitas pedesaan tentang hak mereka untuk mengemukakan pendapatnya. Namun, kondisi ini tidak disertai dengan pembelajaran warga lebih profesional dalam berkomunikasi. Peran dan fungsi radio komunitas belum optimal untuk percepatan dan perluasan informasi antar warga serta dalam meningkatkan intensitas komunikasi interaktif secara kolektif. Oleh karena dipengaruhi oleh tradisi-tradisi komunikasi yang sudah mapan dalam bentuk informal, lebih bersifat topdown untuk wilayah tertutup dan bersifat horisontal untuk wilayah terbuka.Terdapat berbagai hambatan/kendala.pada wilayah tertutup, utamanya aspek keterisolasian fisik, akses informasi rendah dan kondisi SDM khususnya pada budaya paternalistik. Kendala ini pada gilirannya akan berakibat pada proses eskalasi demokratisasi komunikasi.  Demokratisasi komunikasi di wilayah pedesaan yang diukur dari pemahaman, kesadaran dan penerapan aturan (regulasi) pendirian radio komunitas, prosedural dan perilaku penyelenggaran siaran serta pemberian kesempatan yang sama bagi warga untuk berkomunikasi; umumnya lebih banyak ditemui di daerah terbuka dan kalangan pemuda dibandingkan di daerah tertutup dan kalangan orang tua.Keberadaan radio komunitas di pedesaan lebih sebagai inisiator pada wilayah tertutup dan sebagai akselerator pada wilayah terbuka bagi eskalasi demokratisasi komunikasi.

The main problem researched in this dissertation was the existence of community radios in the rural area, which was about the roles of function of them correlated with the escalation of democratization in communication. The research was conducted in two sub district that had different characteristics, those are : Cisewu sub district which is geographically relatively closed with the blank spot information acceptance and Wanayasa which is relatively opened.  The theorietical foundations used are : the Functional-Structural Theory from Radcliffe Brown & Robert K.Merton and The Uses and Dependency theory to describe the relationship between the social system and the communication media system ini community. Whereas, to discuss democratization communication, the writer uses The Communicative society theory from Habermas and the Communitarianism Democracy Theory - Tehranian. The research method used is qualitative method and ethnography communication. Data were collected through depth interview and focus group discussion. The formal and informal social leaders as well as the executor and founder of community radios are the key informants in this research. The result of the research refers to the research question proposed. First, the community radio significantly emerge simultaneously in the rural areas since there was a political change drive in Indonesia in the time of "openess condition" in the reformation era. The availability of the various communication forum and channel in the "opinion column" has in fact contributed the awaraness and spirit to the rural community about their rights to express their opinion. However, this condition was not supported by the learning condition for the community to be more professional in communication. The role and function of the community radio are not optimal for the acceleration and enlargement of information among the communities as well as for developing the intensity of intractive communication collectivelly, for the are influenced by the well-managed communication in the informal way,with the more top-down characteristic for the closed area and more horizontal for the opened one. There are some handicaps /barriers in the closed area mainly in the aspect of physical isolation, low information access and the human resource condition especially in the paternalistic culture. These barriers will in turn affect to the escalation process of communication democracy. Communication Democratization in the rural area measured from the understanding, awareness and regulation implementation of the community radio, the procedure and attitude of the broadcasting organization as well as they change equal / opportunity for all the communities to do the communication can be more commonly found in the opened area and among the youths compared to the closed area and old generation. The existance of community radio in the rural area functions as the initiator in the closed area and as the accelerator in the opened area for the excalation of democratization communication. 

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D871

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Bandung : ., 2005

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Indonesia

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NONE

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